Imvelaphi yePhepha leKraft

Iphepha leKraftIgama elihambelanayo elithi "omelele" ngesiJamani lithi "isikhumba senkomo".

Ekuqaleni, into ekrwada yephepha yayingamadlavu kwaye i-pulp ebilisiweyo yayisetyenziswa.Emva koko, kunye nokuveliswa kwe-crusher, indlela yokugaya i-mechanical pulping yamkelwa, kwaye izinto eziluhlaza zacutshungulwa kwizinto ze-fibrous ngokusebenzisa i-crusher.Ngowe-1750, uHerinda Bita waseNetherlands wavelisa umatshini wephepha, yaye ukuveliswa kwephepha ngomlinganiselo omkhulu kwaqalisa.Imfuno yokwenza iphepha imathiriyeli ekrwada igqithise kakhulu unikezelo.
Ngoko ke, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, abantu baqalisa ukuphanda baze baphuhlise ezinye izinto zokwenza iphepha.Ngowe-1845, uKeira wenza i-pulp yomthi ophantsi.Olu hlobo lwepulp lwenziwe ngomthi kwaye lutyunyuziwe lube yimicu ngokusebenzisa i-hydraulic okanye i-mechanical pressure.Nangona kunjalo, i-pulp yomthi womhlaba igcina phantse zonke iinxalenye zezinto zokhuni, ezinemicu emifutshane kunye ne-coarse, ubunyulu obuphantsi, amandla abuthathaka, kunye nokulula okuphuzi emva kokugcinwa kwexesha elide.Nangona kunjalo, olu hlobo lwe-pulp lunezinga eliphezulu lokusetyenziswa kunye nexabiso eliphantsi.I-pulp yomthi yokusila isoloko isetyenziselwa ukwenza iphepha leendaba kunye nekhadibhodi.

Ngowe-1857, uHutton wenza i-pulp yemichiza.Olu hlobo lwepulp lunokwahlulwa lube yi-sulfite pulp, i-sulfate pulp, kunye ne-caustic soda pulp, ngokuxhomekeke kwi-agent esetyenzisiweyo.Indlela ye-caustic soda pulping eyakhiwe nguHardon ibandakanya ukutshisa izinto eziluhlaza kwisisombululo se-sodium hydroxide kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu kunye noxinzelelo.Le ndlela iqhele ukusetyenziswa kwimithi enamagqabi abanzi kunye nesiqu esifana nemathiriyeli yezityalo.
Ngomnyaka we-1866, uChiruman wafumanisa i-sulfite pulp, eyenziwa ngokudibanisa izinto eziluhlaza kwisisombululo esine-acidic sulfite esine-sulfite engaphezulu kunye nokupheka phantsi kobushushu obuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo lokususa ukungcola okufana ne-lignin kwizinto zezityalo.I-pulp ene-bleached kunye ne-pulp yomthi exutywe kunye ingasetyenziswa njengezinto eziluhlaza kwi-newsprint, ngelixa i-pulp efakwe i-bleached ifanelekile ukuveliswa kwephepha eliphezulu kunye ne-mid-range.
Ngomnyaka we-1883, uDaru wenza i-sulfate pulp, esebenzisa umxube we-sodium hydroxide kunye ne-sodium sulfide ekuphekeni koxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nobushushu obuphezulu.Ngenxa yokuqina okuphezulu kwefayibha yepulp eveliswa yile ndlela, ibizwa ngokuba yi "pulp yenkomo".I-Kraft pulp inzima ukuyixuba ngenxa ye-brown lignin eseleyo, kodwa inamandla amakhulu, ngoko ke iphepha eliveliswayo le-kraft lifanelekile kakhulu ukupakisha iphepha.I-pulp ebleached ingadityaniswa nakwamanye amaphepha ukwenza iphepha lokuprinta, kodwa isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwi kraft paper kunye ne corrugated paper.Ngokubanzi, okoko kwavela ipulp yemichiza efana ne-sulfite pulp kunye ne-sulfate pulp, iphepha litshintshile lisuka kwinto yodidi laya kwixabiso eliphantsi.
Ngo-1907, iYurophu yavelisa ipulp ye-sulfite kunye ne-hemp exutyiweyo.Kwangaloo nyaka, iUnited States yaseka owona mzi-mveliso wokuqala wephepha le-kraft.UBates waziwa ngokuba ngumseki we "kraft paper bags".Uqale wasebenzisa iphepha le-kraft ukupakisha ityuwa kwaye kamva wafumana ipatent ye "Bates pulp".
Ngowe-1918, iUnited States neJamani zaqalisa ukuvelisa ngoomatshini iingxowa zephepha zekraft.Isindululo sikaHouston "sokulungelelaniswa kwephepha lokupakisha elinzima" nalo laqala ukuvela ngelo xesha.
Inkampani yePhepha leSanto Rekis eMelika yangena ngempumelelo kwimarike yaseYurophu isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuthunga bengxowa yokuthunga, eyathi kamva yaziswa eJapan ngo-1927.