Iphepha leKraftIgama elifanayo nelithi “strong” ngesiJamani lithi “cowhide”.
Ekuqaleni, izinto zokwenza iphepha yayiziingubo ezirhabaxa kwaye kwasetyenziswa i-pulp ebilisiwe. Emva koko, ngokuveliswa kwe-crusher, kwasetyenziswa indlela yokugaya ngoomatshini, kwaye izinto zokwenza iphepha zacutshungulwa zaba zizinto ezinefayibha nge-crusher. Ngo-1750, uHerinda Bita waseNetherlands wasungula umatshini wephepha, kwaye kwaqala ukuveliswa kwephepha elikhulu. Imfuno yokwenza iphepha yadlula kakhulu umbane.
Ngoko ke, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, abantu baqala ukuphanda nokuphuhlisa ezinye izinto zokwenza iphepha. Ngo-1845, uKeira wasungula i-pulp yomthi osikiweyo. Olu hlobo lwe-pulp lwenziwa ngomthi kwaye lutyunyuzwa lube yimicu ngokusebenzisa uxinzelelo lwe-hydraulic okanye lwe-mechanical. Nangona kunjalo, i-pulp yomthi osikiweyo igcina phantse zonke izinto zomthi, kunye nemicu emifutshane nerhabaxa, ubumsulwa obuphantsi, amandla abuthathaka, kunye nokujika kube tyheli ngokulula emva kokugcinwa ixesha elide. Nangona kunjalo, olu hlobo lwe-pulp lunesantya esiphezulu sokusetyenziswa kunye nexabiso eliphantsi. I-pulp yomthi osikiweyo idla ngokusetyenziswa ukwenza iphepha elitsha kunye nekhadibhodi.
Ngo-1857, uHutton wasungula i-pulp yamakhemikhali. Olu hlobo lwe-pulp lungahlulwa lube yi-sulfite pulp, i-sulfate pulp, kunye ne-caustic soda pulp, kuxhomekeke kwi-deignification agent esetyenzisiweyo. Indlela ye-caustic soda pulping eyasungulwa nguHardon ibandakanya ukufutha izinto ezikrwada kwisisombululo se-sodium hydroxide kubushushu obuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo. Le ndlela isetyenziswa rhoqo kwimithi enamagqabi abanzi kunye nezinto ezifana nezityalo.
Ngo-1866, uChiruman wafumanisa i-sulfite pulp, eyenziwa ngokongeza izinto ezikrwada kwisisombululo se-acidic sulfite esine-sulfite engaphezulu aze ayipheke phantsi kobushushu obuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo lokususa ukungcola okufana ne-lignin kwizinto zezityalo. I-bleached pulp kunye ne-wood pulp ezixutywe kunye zingasetyenziswa njengezinto ezikrwada ze-newsprint, ngelixa i-bleached pulp ifanelekile ukuvelisa iphepha eliphezulu neliphakathi.
Ngo-1883, uDaru wasungula i-sulfate pulp, esebenzisa umxube we-sodium hydroxide kunye ne-sodium sulfide ekuphekeni okunoxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nobushushu obuphezulu. Ngenxa yamandla aphezulu e-fiber ye-pulp eveliswa yile ndlela, ibizwa ngokuba yi-"cowhide pulp". I-Kraft pulp kunzima ukuyi-bleach ngenxa ye-lignin emdaka eseleyo, kodwa inamandla aphezulu, ngoko ke iphepha le-kraft eliveliswayo lifanelekile kakhulu kwiphepha lokupakisha. I-bleached pulp inokongezwa kwelinye iphepha ukwenza iphepha lokuprinta, kodwa isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiphepha le-kraft kunye nephepha elihlanganisiweyo. Ngokubanzi, ukususela ekuveleni kwe-pulp yeekhemikhali efana ne-sulfite pulp kunye ne-sulfate pulp, iphepha liye latshintsha ukusuka kwinto yodidi lwaba yimpahla engabizi kakhulu.
Ngo-1907, iYurophu yavelisa i-sulfite pulp kunye ne-hemp mixed pulp. Kuloo nyaka mnye, i-United States yaseka umzi-mveliso wokuqala wephepha le-kraft. UBates waziwa njengomseki "weengxowa zephepha le-kraft". Ekuqaleni wasebenzisa iphepha le-kraft ukupakisha ityuwa waza kamva wafumana ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wephepha le-"Bates pulp".
Ngowe-1918, i-United States neJamani zaqala ukuvelisa iingxowa zephepha ze-kraft ngoomatshini. Ingcamango yaseHouston "yokukwazi ukulungelelanisa iphepha elinzima" nayo yaqala ukuvela ngelo xesha.
Inkampani yeSanto Rekis Paper eMelika yangena ngempumelelo kwimarike yaseYurophu isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuthunga iingxowa zomatshini wokuthunga, obathi kamva baziswa eJapan ngo-1927.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Matshi-08-2024